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The pomegranate programme, initiated in , was the first of these to be implemented. In fact, pomegranates trees require approxi- mately the same amount of water as citrus trees Sheets et al. What makes pomegranates a viable solution for Cyprus climate limitations is their ability to endure greater water salination than citrus trees EDGE a, p. Pomegranates trees are hardier than citrus and can better process salt-contaminated water. As an island in a frequent state of drought, Cyprus freshwater resources are limited. Additionally, Cyprus has contaminated much of its available groundwater through over-extraction. As groundwater has been over pumped, freshwater aquifers have become salinated Anastasi , p. EDGE reports specifically acknowledged the salination of the ground water, as a contributing factor in Cyprus declining citrus market competitiveness EDGE b, p. Guzelyurt its Greek name is Morphou , a region in north Cyprus, had been particularly affected by the increased salinity levels of the groundwater as it had significant citrus orchards.
EDGE officials subsequently concentrated their initial pomegranate ventures in this region. To further heighten the resource gains of the crop switch, the pomegranate varieties chosen by EDGEs commissioned experts were ones that flourished in drier climates and required fewer water resources. EDGE invited Agro Consultant and Agricultural Engineer Shlomy Raziel to provide expertise on the pomegranate programme. After analysing Cyprus climate constraints, Raziel suggested that the phenology of the Wonderful variety might be best suited to the project as it had proved successful in similarly dry climates, such as Israel EDGE b, p. Two other pomegranate varietiesthe Herskovitz and the Acco that were both developed for Israels climatewere also selected to be planted along with the Wonderful variety.
EDGE reports cited pomegranates consistent[cy] with the TCCs climate, topography and marketing [emphasis added] potential as the reason they were selected to be the alternative crop initiatives prototype EDGE a, p. As discussed, pomegranates had climate and environmental advantages over citrus fruits. However, the programmes ultimate success was also attributable to the market advantages of switching. Heightened competition from countries without the production difficulties of Cyprus environmental constraints meant citrus pro- ducers were experiencing declining rates of return on their investments EDGE b, p. Simultaneously, demand for pomegranates increased due to the fruits designation as a nutritional superfruit Cassell Despite being a.
All first quality fruits those with traits most attractive to consumers are consumed by the international market. The environmental gains of switching to pomegranate production were significant; the market benefits were equally important. During the nineteenth and early twentieth century, they were actually one of Cyprus primary articles of export Kahramanoglu et al. The conflict that separated the island ended this trade and pomegranate orchards declined. Before the implemen- tation of EDGEs alternative crops programme, pomegranates were either grown mostly for personal usage or only remained around other fruit orchards as wind barriers Usanmaz et al. Prior to publicly advertising its alternative crop programmes, EDGE consultants exerted considerable effort in pre-emptively alleviating public backlash against perceived replacement crops EDGE b, p. To protect the pomegranate programme from critics who claimed that it would subvert the livelihood of citrus growers, EDGE required that the land used by the growers be unused, arid land p.
This stipulation meant that EDGE personnel had to devote additional resources to identifying land that fit this criteria and assisting the farmers with funding and developing drip irrigation systems to make the land productive. However, it did succeed at reducing local suspicions and had a positive long-term impact in the sense that in increased the amount of productive land available to Turkish Cypriot farmers. EDGE began publicly advertising its alternative crop programmes through various local channels in Of the five proposed projects, pomegranates received the greatest community interest. Twenty-two Turkish Cyp- riot farmers responded to the initial outreach efforts with 17 agreeing to EDGEs programme requirements.
EDGE b, p. EDGE arranged for Shlomy Raziel to visit the pomegranate orchards every 68 weeks in order to provide the farmers with on-site technical expertise EDGE b, p. Prior to the actual planting of the pomegranate trees, EDGE required the farmers to attend training sessions on financial management, orchard establishment, and tree. Gokcekus Table 1 Timeline of pomegranate production Year Step EDGE develops agribusiness programmes Presented the programme to interested growers Signed MOUs with the 17 participants in phase 1 Training for growers Establishment of the orchards Planted pomegranate trees Installed irrigation systems in orchards First harvest Establishment of Alnar Ltd Alnar awarded EU rural development grant Establishment of the Alnar processing facility First international export of pomegranates planting.
After the 17 participating farmers planted the 18, trees on 51 acres of formerly arid land, EDGE supplemented Mr. Raziels assistance with additional sessions on fertilizer application, pest management, winter pruning, and flower thinning EDGE b, pp. Phase Two of the programme expanded the number of participating farmers to 22, the planted acreage to 62 acres, and the number of trees to 22, EDGE b, p. Phase Three and Four of the programme were designed to develop the business side of this agribusiness programme. Under Phase Three, EDGE worked with the farmers to establish a fruit processing facility, while Phase Four focused on ensuring the sustainability of the growers business model.
Within Phase Three, 19 of the farmers incorporated the limited liability company Alnar Narclk Ltd, and then using an EU grant of , , they built a pomegranate processing and storage centre. Through Alnar, the farmers have been able to export their products to five EU countries: Sweden, England, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. The collective has plans to extend their international reach beyond these countries and to expand their internationally available product line to include pomegranate juice. Table 1 provides a summary timeline of the pomegranate programmes various components. As the farmers have become more adept at growing pomegranates, the amount of fruit produced per tree has doubled from that of the initial yield FreshFruit Exports have grown to almost five times Alnars preliminary offering of 49 t; in Alnar exported t of fresh pomegranates Alan The collective now produces around.
However, the company is exploring alternative means of bottling their juice in order to access new markets. EDGEs pomegranate programme flourished due to elements of sustainable peacebuilding, like negotiated hybridity and local ownership, that were built into the project. From the beginning, EDGE required the local actors to accept ownership of the programme through financial and organizational commitments. The monetary resources committed to the programme by the farmers were not insubstantial. Although USAID did provide some funding, its financial resources were mainly put towards training sessions and providing the farmers with technical assistance. As mentioned, the EU gave the Alnar collective a , grant for the building of the processing plant. However, the entire project cost , ; after EDGE personnel assisted the farmers with developing a preliminary business plan, the local farmers were responsible for developing their own marketing strategy and contributing the remaining , to the programme.
The local farmers were encouraged by the EDGE consultants to collectivize in order to foster long-term accountability among the farmers, develop local leader- ship, and ensure the sustainability of the programme. According to Ibrahim Kahramanoglu, managing director of Alnar, the producers collectivized in order to have ownership over the programmes business decisions. EDGE personnel suggested that Alnar apply for GLOBALGAP. certification, an independently evaluated standard designation that is often required by EU buyers. EDGE assisted Alnar with the initial application; recertifications have been handled by Alnars personnel.
After obtaining their initial certification, Alnar negotiated with the Cyprus Pomegranate Producers Union a body of 36 pomegranate producers that has significant overlap with the producers of the Alnar collective to handle exportation of their crops and extend Alnars certification to cover the pomegranate products of the Union. Through Alnar, the pomegranate producers were able to develop the local leadership necessary to sustain and surpass what they achieved under the guidance of an external actor. Thus, the strategies that worked to foster sustainable pomegranate farming should be largely applicable elsewhere and to other agricultural products. From the case of pomegranate farming, the importance of the following factors is apparent.
When implementing crop switching, the market reputations of suggested replacement products carry considerable weight in determining whether one prod- uct is adopted over another. Both EDGE and the local farmers cited pomegranates rapidly expanding reputation as a superfruit as an important factor in its selection. Gokcekus Even with the programmes success, the director of Alnar complained that Europe lacked a pomegranate culture and that pomegranate products were still far from reaching optimal market recognition FreshFruitPortal Although the Turkish Cypriot farmers did have an interest in pomegranates prior to external involvement, identifying products that are both environmentally and market friendly is poten- tially an area in which developing countries need assistance. The case of north Cyprus also demonstrated that locals were more likely to view crop-switching programmes favourably if they were initially perceived as augmenting, rather than replacing, traditional crops.
EDGEs approach of planting pomegranates only on unused, arid land was able to mitigate any complaints from citrus producers. However, this approach did require significant exertion on the part of the external actor to both identify the available land and then provide the technical resources to make this land arable. Local awareness of the suggested alternative crop also impacted the programmes overall success. Of the five alternative crop programmes developed by EDGEpomegranates, cactus, fruit, salicornia, capers, and passion fruitthe pomegranate programme has been most successful.
Its success is at least partially attributable to the farmers familiarity with pomegranates; the passion fruit programme has not inspired nearly as much interest among local actors. In inter- views, the director of Alnar stressed that the pomegranate programme only succeeded and was able to become highly successful because of the awareness and enthusiasm of the local farmers for pomegranates. In addition to selecting crops that are both market and environmentally friendly, external actors also need to consider local preferences when designing development projects. Local ownership is critical to achieving successful, sustainable peacebuilding through development. As is evident from the experience of the pomegranate pro- ducers, one of the simplest ways in which to inspire ownership is to require significant monetary commitments from the local participants.
Overcoming the collective action problem that often characterizes developing societies does require financial input by the external actor in order to pay for the necessary technical specialists ; however, this input should be matched within reason and considering circumstances by local contributions. Equally important as the technical training it provided was the assistance EDGE gave the farmers in creating a business strategy. Motivated by EDGE, the producers were able to capitalize on their training and expand into exporting. Thus, in the case of Cyprus, the most important factor was not how much money was given, but how that money was used. However, it highlights a real problem that both developing and developed countries will soonif they have not alreadyconfront, namely, climate change. As the evidence from Cyprus indicates, post-conflict developing countries need financial. Additionally, post- conflict states are often hobbled by the classic collective action problem and need an outside impetus to inspire them to accept local ownership of a development programme.
Sustainable development is therefore a function of external and local actor coordination; using its superior resources, the external actor helps initiate the programme, and since the local actor also makes a significant contribution, the local actor commits to ensuring the programmes success. The sustainability of similar climate change programmes can be further enhanced by selecting crops that are at least somewhat familiar to the local community and are also desired by the external market. A crops phenology might be ideally suited to a certain region, but the local farmers need to also support its production.
Identifying suitable crops will require the combined effort of external and local actors. Ultimately, enacting successful climate change adapta- tions requires both parties to share leadership responsibilities Fig. Gokcekus Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author s and source are credited. References Alnar Narclk Ltd ProjectAlnar Narclk Ltd Projesi, AB Bilgi Merkezi.
Havadis, December 23, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus, pp pdf BBC Cyprus conflict closes leaders eyes to water shortage. March 11, stm BBC Timeline: Cyprus. stm Cassell D Pomegranate retains superfruit status. Food Processing Magazine. July Dilemmas of local ownership in post-conflict peacebuilding processes. Peace Change Dworak T, Berglund, M The role of water pricing and water allocation in agriculture in developing sustainable water use in Europe. European Commission Final Report Project Number EDGE a Unlocking the Turkish Cypriot Communitys potential by providing keys to economic growth. pdf EDGE b Final Report. Unlocking the Turkish Cypriot Communitys potential by providing keys to economic growth, August pdf EEA Water resources across Europeconfronting water scarcity and drought.
html FreshFruitPortal Pomegranate culture lacking in Europe, says Cypriot grower. February 5, FreshPlaza Turkey: ALNAR full range of pomegranate products. February 28, The New York Times, April 3, Open access allows unrestricted online access to your ebook with no reading or subscription fees. Authors retain copyright and are able to comply with funders' open access mandates. Our open access academic books and chapters on average receive 10 times more downloads, 2. Each open access scholarly book or chapter receives the same editorial and publishing expertise, rigorous peer review and high quality production process that non-open access books receive. Read more about why you should publish an open access book. Contact one of our publishing editors in your discipline to discuss your proposal.
Finnegan and Omer Gokcekus Abstract Climate change is a growing issue for developing countries, as they typically lack the technical and financial inputs to implement the necessary agri- cultural adaptations. These countries also suffer from the classic collective action problem; although they are able to identify the issue and a potential solution, their individual resources are not substantial enough to enact change. This article dis- cusses north Cyprus adoption of pomegranate production and its relationship to climate-related agricultural concerns. We argue that the Turkish Cypriot com- munity would not have been able to start an effective pomegranate agribusiness without third-party financial and technical assistance. As a post-conflict developing community, they lacked the resources necessary to collectivize on their own and initiate crop switching.
Thus, Turkish Cypriot farmers needed external resources in order to launch a sustainable development project. The programme was a successful example of sustainable peacebuilding as it required local ownership. Although there was some awareness of the need to adapt ones lifestyle to be more environmentally friendly, the problem lacked urgency and was perceived as an issue that the coming generation would tackle. Now it seems to be an inescapable reality. Developed countries with abundant resources, like the USA, have been able to implement certain adaptations to mitigate some of the adverse effects of climate change. How have other less affluent countries adapted? Finnegan O. Vastola ed. Finnegan and O. Gokcekus As what Gokcekus and Bengyak discuss in regard to corruption, climate change has the most severe ill effects on those members of society or the world that are least capable of preparing themselves for its impact. Often still largely agriculturally based, the economies of many developing countries are especially vulnerable to environmental changes.
Limited financial resources create a collec- tive action problem; while the individual members of a developing society may know that the adaptation or modification of existing processes can help combat climate-related issues, they lack the resourcestechnical and financialto adopt these changes. The problem of adaptation is particularly acute in post-conflict regions that have been isolated from beneficial economic relationships, such as north Cyprus. North Cyprus has been a de facto separate country since Cyprus was partitioned by the Green Linea UN buffer zonein due to conflict between Cypriots of Greek ancestry and those of Turkish BBC Under the internationally recognized Republic of Cyprus, Greek Cypriots were able to interface with the EU and the greater international community.
North Cyprus was isolated, and its economic development has lagged behind that of the Republic of Cyprus. This paper will explore how intervention by a third party helped the Turkish Cypriot community TCC adapt its agricultural industry to the constraints of climate change and simultaneously overcome its collective action problem. Specifically, this paper explores USAIDs agri- business programme that assisted the TCC with starting commercial production of the nutritional superfruit pomegranate. Kurukulasuriya and Mendelsohn try to predict the impact of climate change on farms output and revenue in 11 African countries. Which of these two models most closely predicts future conditions is currently unknown. Seo and Mendelsohn also explored crop choice and its relationship to climate change, focusing on South American farms. As in Africa, crop choice in South America generally had an identifiable, significant relationship with temper- ature and precipitation.
The one exception to this was maize, a crop with many. Seo and Mendelsohn did not predict the economic impact of not crop switching, but instead assumed that farmersmaking a rational economic decisionwould switch. Huda et al. were primarily concerned with the possible mismatch between crop phenol- ogy and water availability caused by climate change. Without an understanding of phenology, crop adaptation proves difficult as crops with certain phenologies only thrive in specific ecosystems. Farmers can only combat climate change by employing crop switching if there are no barriers to the adoption of appropriate crops Kurukulasuriya and Mendelsohn , p.
Seo and Mendelsohn echoed this warning, specifically mentioning that farmers may not be able to crop switch if the adjust- ment requires a heavy capital investment p. Lobell et al. In addition to potential financial constraints, the measures advocated by Huda et al. These financial and technical constraints only exacerbate the collective action problem, which is particularly acute when resources are scarce. In a society with limited inputs, the participation of many actors a group effort is often necessary in order to secure opportunities or goods that enhance the collective benefit. As Olson details, large groups are particularly prone towards free-ridership, since members of the group believe their non-participation will be overlooked.
This tendency is especially detrimental to projects in developing countries; the constrained resources of individual members in these countries often require that collective goods be provided through larger-sized groups with high levels of participation. How can developing countries, particularly post-conflict societies like Cyprus, solve these challenges? Gokcekus et al. In their study of Turkish Cypriot beekeepers, Gokcekus et al. found that the beekeepers needed EU financial and technical assistance to overcome their collective action problem, meet the EUs health standards for commercial honey, and initiate trade across the Green Line. The EU provided the initial impetus for change; once the Turkish Cypriots beekeepers understood the standard requirements for trade and had the financial resources to meet these standards, they were able to collectivize and increase their level of economic development.
In other words, although the process of updating their beekeeping practices to meet EU standards was instigated by the EU, Turkish Cypriot beekeepers accepted local ownership of the remainder of the development process. Gokcekus As Donais notes, local ownership is relatively rare in post-conflict development initiatives, since the external actors tend to reserve most key decision-making authority p. Perhaps the interaction between the beekeepers and the EU can best be described as an example of what Donais terms sustainable peacebuilding p. Sustainable peacebuilding requires negotiated hybridity between both insiders and outsiders in which the division of responsibilities between outsider and insider is constantly calibrated and adjusted as a means to advancing the peace process p.
Like the case of the beekeepers, the decision of Turkish Cypriot farmers to commence pomegranate production is likely another example of sustainable peacebuilding. The case of pomegranate production in north Cyprus can be approached from several perspectives. This paper concentrates on intersection of two of those: 1 the adoption of pomegranates as a form of crop switching and 2 the adoption of pomegranates as a result of overcoming a collective action problem through sustainable peacebuilding. By promoting local ownership and sharing responsibil- ity, an external actor helped the TCC surpass the capital and technical barriers that had previously prevented the implementation of a climate change solution. In an attempt to rectify this issue, north Cyprus agreed to the construction of an underwater freshwater pipeline connected to Turkey. Referred to as Bars Su Peace Water , this pipeline was expected to be completed sometime in ; however, it was slightly behind schedule and just over halfway completed in October of that year Gies ; Sands In addition to political concerns over heightening north Cyprus reliance on Turkey, there are also worries that the pipeline will only increase demand Gies Water shortages have been particularly challenging for the agricultural sector.
Citrus fruits, Cyprus third most lucrative agricultural export, place considerable stress upon Cyprus limited water resources; they originated in the tropics and have the greatest water consumption of Cyprus irrigated crops Sofroniou and Bishop ; Dworak and Berglund With Cyprus continuing water limitations, relying on water-intensive crops like citrus fruits to drive the economy is not a sustainable development strategy. The TCCs adoption of pomegranate farming was a response to climate change. Cyprus competitive edge in the citrus market had been undermined by countries that do not share its climate constraints; farmers needed to implement crop switching to alleviate the growing expense and inefficiency of citrus production.
By supporting the commercial pomegranate venture with financial and technical resources, an external actor helped the Turkish Cypriot realize crop switching and. We argue that the Turkish Cypriot farmers, like the Turkish Cypriot beekeepers studied by Gokcekus et al. The individual farmers did not have the resource capacity to transition to an alternative crop. They lacked the necessary training and technical background to implement a successful crop-switching programme, and they also faced financial constraints. Furthermore, their resource challenges made collectivization unlikely as both technical and financial leadership were absent. Once the collective action problem was overcome, we attribute the success of the pomegranate programme to its incorporation of sustainable peacebuilding Donais An external actor provided technical knowledge and the initial investment funds, but Turkish Cypriot farmers quickly accepted local ownership of pomegranate farming.
With external assistance, the domestic actor was able to solve the collective action problem. Managing Cyprus political divisions has required delicate manoeuvring by the EU. Until , the EU was actually unable to set up a delegation in the Turkish-controlled half. Instead, it had to establish a headquarters-based task force in the south with a local programme support office in the northern part of Cyprus Nielsen With this in mind, the EUs relatively behind-the-scenes involvement in the pomegranate initiative is under- standable. Through its Economic Development and Growth for Enterprises EDGE programme, USAID was actually the main actor facilitating the adoption of pome- granate farming. The EUs involvement was mostly restricted to providing funding through grants. Under EDGE, the multinational consultancy firm BearingPoint was awarded a six million dollar contract to assist the TCC with economic development.
In the completion of this contract, BearingPoint released certain online reportsinclud- ing a page final reportdetailing the development of alternative crop programmes in north Cyprus. According to the EDGE reports, the US Govern- ments primary policy objective in Cyprus was fostering a durable settlement between the divided Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities EDGE b, p. To facilitate this settlement, EDGE was commissioned to improve banking prac- tices, to strengthen business associations and services, and to provide firm-level assistance to promote enterprise competitiveness EDGE a, p.
The programme was redefined to focus on sector-level initiatives after firm-level efforts failed to have a substantive impact on improving north Cyprus competitiveness EDGE a, p. Within the agricultural sector, EDGE focused on five. Gokcekus alternative crop programmes: pomegranates, capers, cactus fruit, salicornia, and passion fruit. The pomegranate programme, initiated in , was the first of these to be implemented. In fact, pomegranates trees require approxi- mately the same amount of water as citrus trees Sheets et al. What makes pomegranates a viable solution for Cyprus climate limitations is their ability to endure greater water salination than citrus trees EDGE a, p. Pomegranates trees are hardier than citrus and can better process salt-contaminated water. As an island in a frequent state of drought, Cyprus freshwater resources are limited.
Additionally, Cyprus has contaminated much of its available groundwater through over-extraction. As groundwater has been over pumped, freshwater aquifers have become salinated Anastasi , p. EDGE reports specifically acknowledged the salination of the ground water, as a contributing factor in Cyprus declining citrus market competitiveness EDGE b, p. Guzelyurt its Greek name is Morphou , a region in north Cyprus, had been particularly affected by the increased salinity levels of the groundwater as it had significant citrus orchards.
EDGE officials subsequently concentrated their initial pomegranate ventures in this region. To further heighten the resource gains of the crop switch, the pomegranate varieties chosen by EDGEs commissioned experts were ones that flourished in drier climates and required fewer water resources. EDGE invited Agro Consultant and Agricultural Engineer Shlomy Raziel to provide expertise on the pomegranate programme. After analysing Cyprus climate constraints, Raziel suggested that the phenology of the Wonderful variety might be best suited to the project as it had proved successful in similarly dry climates, such as Israel EDGE b, p. Two other pomegranate varietiesthe Herskovitz and the Acco that were both developed for Israels climatewere also selected to be planted along with the Wonderful variety.
EDGE reports cited pomegranates consistent[cy] with the TCCs climate, topography and marketing [emphasis added] potential as the reason they were selected to be the alternative crop initiatives prototype EDGE a, p. As discussed, pomegranates had climate and environmental advantages over citrus fruits. However, the programmes ultimate success was also attributable to the market advantages of switching.
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WebDownload free of charge Browse our open access books and download them free of Web7/04/ · This paper concentrates on intersection of two of those: (1) the adoption of AdConvert your PDF documents. Easily Convert formats in perfect PDF files. Free! Conversion of Word to PDF is just few clicks away. Convert Excel, PowerPoint and blogger.com has been visited by K+ users in the past monthPerfect PDF, now is easy! · Not just PDF but Pro PDF! · Convert & Create PDF FreeTypes: Converter & Creator Free, PRO vers. Special Offer, PRO + OCR - Complete PDF WebSpringer PDF Free Download Recent Comments The Illustrated MRCP PACES Primer ... read more
As the farmers have become more adept at growing pomegranates, the amount of fruit produced per tree has doubled from that of the initial yield FreshFruit stm Cassell D Pomegranate retains superfruit status. SpringerOpen open access books We offer authors the option to publish their books and chapters open access — making your research freely available to anyone with internet access! As Olson details, large groups are particularly prone towards free-ridership, since members of the group believe their non-participation will be overlooked. EDGE reports specifically acknowledged the salination of the ground water, as a contributing factor in Cyprus declining citrus market competitiveness EDGE b, p.
A crops phenology might be ideally suited to a certain region, but the local farmers need to also support its production. Environmental Policy Research Group Report Sofroniou A, Bishop S Water scarcity in Cyprus: a review and call for integrated policy. European Commission Final Report Project Number EDGE a Unlocking the Turkish Cypriot Communitys potential by providing keys to economic growth. Identifying suitable crops will require the combined effort of external and local actors. The programme was redefined to focus on sector-level initiatives after firm-level efforts failed to have a substantive impact on improving north Cyprus competitiveness EDGE a, springer publisher free download pdf, p. Under Phase Three, EDGE worked with the farmers to springer publisher free download pdf a fruit processing facility, while Phase Four focused on ensuring the sustainability of the growers business model.
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